![]() ![]() ![]() Second, studies should use models appropriate for the question and recognize their assumptions and limitations. Studies should have clear questions, be informed by knowledge of the system, and have strong sampling designs to effectively characterize isotope variability of consumers and resources on proper spatio-temporal scales. First, mixing models can only be as good as the study and data. For proper implementation of mixing models, we offer the following suggestions. Current models estimate probability distributions of source contributions, have user-friendly interfaces, and incorporate complexities such as variability in isotope signatures, discrimination factors, hierarchical variance structure, covariates, and concentration dependence. ![]() Mixing models have increased rapidly in sophistication. We address major challenges to their effective application. Stable isotope mixing models are increasingly used to quantify consumer diets, but may be misused and misinterpreted. ![]()
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